Norwegian (Bokmål) I 1877 forlot Brandes København og bosatte seg i Berlin. Det vigtigste af hans senere arbejder har været hans værk om William Shakespeare, der blev oversat til engelsk af William Archer og med det sam me blev anerkendt. Hans politiske synspunkter gjorde dog, at Preussen blev ubehagelig for ham at opholde sig i, og han vendte i 1883 tilbage til København, hvor han blev mødt af en helt ny gruppe af forfattere og tænkere, der var ivrige efter at modtage ham som deres leder. Sample Danish text I 1877 forlod Brandes København og bosatte sig i Berlin. 2.13 Nynorsk finds new favour in the 1960s and 1970s.2.11 The apex of the controversy and the 1959 textbook reform.2.10 Liberation, and the debate intensifies.2.8 The Labour Party and the reforms of 1938.2.7 The Grimstad case and the spoken language in schools.This alleged standard applies only to East Norwegians, as Bokmål users from other parts of the country such as former prime minister Erna Solberg does not speak in a similar way to how Bokmål is written. There is no officially sanctioned spoken standard of Norwegian, but according to some linguists, like Kjell Venås, one de facto spoken standard is akin to Bokmål, Urban East Norwegian ( Østnorsk). Norwegians are educated in whichever form is more widespread where they live ( hovedmål/ hovudmål) and the resultant secondary language form ( sidemål, "side language"). Similarly, the unofficial Høgnorsk is much closer to Aasen's mid-1800s language than to today's Nynorsk. An unofficial form, Riksmål, is considered more conservative than Bokmål. The now-abandoned official policy to merge Bokmål and Nynorsk into one written standard called Samnorsk through a series of reforms has created a wide spectrum of varieties of the two. Government attempted over several decades to bring the two language forms closer to each other with the goal of merging them but failed due to widespread resistance from both sides. In the early 20th century, a more activist approach to written Norwegian was adopted. Both went through some name changes until 1929, when parliament decided that the one originally based on Danish should be called Bokmål (literally "book language") and the one based on Norwegian dialects should be called Nynorsk ("new Norwegian"). Parliament decided in 1885 that the two forms of written Norwegian were to be equally official. Meanwhile, Aasen's "folk's speech" became established. Dano-Norwegian, from a tongue readily accessible to, and essentially written as Danish, took in increasing amounts of Norwegian. He and many other authors wrote texts in their own dialects from around this time. He assembled a Norwegian language based on dialects little affected by Danish and published his first grammar and dictionary of the Norwegian people's language ( Folkemål), in 18 respectively. In the early 1840s, young linguist Ivar Aasen traveled the countryside gathering up the words and grammar used there. After secession, Dano-Norwegian held status as the sole official language until 1885. The urban Norwegian upper class spoke Dano-Norwegian ( dansk-norsk): Danish with Norwegian pronunciation and other minor local differences, while most people spoke their local and regional dialect. In the United Kingdoms of Denmark and Norway of the dates above, the official languages were Danish and German. As a result, the overall form of chosen modern written Norwegian and its leaning towards or away from Danish underpins controversies in anti-imperialistic nationalism, rural versus urban cultures, literary history, diglossia (everyday dialects versus formal, standard language), spelling reform, and orthography. From 1536/1537 until 1814, Danish was the standard written language of Norway due to the union of crowns with Denmark, in which time the Danish Empire was founded. The Norwegian language conflict ( Norwegian: målstriden, Danish: sprogstriden) is an ongoing controversy in Norwegian culture and politics related to the written versions of Norwegian.
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